The Early Career Framework states teachers should learn how to... Plan effective lessons, by using modelling, explanations and scaffolds, acknowledging that novices need more structure early in a domain. Classroom Practice (Standard 4 – Plan and teach well structured lessons).
In the dynamic realm of education, the role of teachers transcends mere information delivery; it extends to the crafting of learning experiences that cater to the diverse needs of students. This blog post explores the pivotal idea that teachers should master the skill of planning effective lessons, utilizing modelling, explanations, and scaffolds, while acknowledging the necessity of providing more structure to novices early in their journey within a particular domain. Rooted in academic references, we will unravel the transformative impact of this strategic approach on the learning trajectory of novice learners.
The Significance of Effective Lesson Planning
1. Cognitive Load Theory: Balancing Complexity and Guidance
Cognitive Load Theory underscores the importance of managing the cognitive load imposed on learners (Sweller et al., 2011). Effective lesson planning involves striking a delicate balance between the complexity of the material and the guidance provided, recognizing that novices require more support to navigate unfamiliar terrain.
2. Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The Role of Scaffolding
Vygotsky's ZPD emphasizes the need for tasks that fall within the range of what learners can do with support (Vygotsky, 1978). Lesson planning should incorporate scaffolding—temporary support that bridges the gap between a learner's current abilities and the learning goals.
Strategies for Effective Lesson Planning
1. Modelling to Illuminate Pathways
Modelling involves demonstrating a task or skill to provide a clear example for learners (Bandura, 1986). Effective lesson planning integrates modelling to illuminate pathways for novices. Teachers should demonstrate problem-solving, critical thinking, or other skills to offer a tangible guide for learners.
2. Clear Explanations for Conceptual Understanding
Clear explanations are foundational in effective lesson planning (Ambrose et al., 2010). Novices require explicit and coherent explanations to develop a solid conceptual understanding. Lesson plans should prioritize clarity, breaking down complex ideas into manageable components.
3. Strategic Use of Scaffolds for Support
Scaffolds are temporary supports that can take various forms, such as prompts, guides, or frameworks (Wood et al., 1976). Novice learners benefit from carefully planned scaffolds that provide the necessary structure and support to help them successfully navigate the learning journey.
4. Gradual Release of Responsibility
Effective lesson planning involves a gradual release of responsibility (Pearson & Gallagher, 1983). Initially, teachers may provide more support and structure, gradually relinquishing control as learners gain confidence and competence within the domain.
The Impact on Novice Learning
1. Reduced Cognitive Overload
Strategically planning lessons with modelling, explanations, and scaffolds reduces cognitive overload (Sweller et al., 2011). Novice learners are guided through complex material with adequate support, preventing cognitive overwhelm and ensuring a smoother acquisition of knowledge and skills.
2. Enhanced Conceptual Understanding
Effective lesson planning enhances conceptual understanding (Ambrose et al., 2010). Novices benefit from clear explanations and modelling, laying the foundation for a deep and coherent grasp of the subject matter.
3. Development of Independence and Confidence
Strategic use of scaffolds in lesson planning nurtures independence and confidence (Wood et al., 1976). As novices progress, they gradually rely less on external supports, fostering a sense of autonomy and self-assurance in their ability to navigate the learning landscape.
4. Optimized Engagement and Motivation
Well-planned lessons with modelling and clear explanations optimize engagement and motivation (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Novice learners are more likely to be motivated when they understand the relevance of the content and can actively participate in the learning process with appropriate guidance.
In the tapestry of education, effective lesson planning emerges as a cornerstone for the success of novice learners. By strategically incorporating modelling, clear explanations, and scaffolds, teachers create a scaffolded learning environment that nurtures conceptual understanding, independence, and confidence.
As architects of learning experiences, teachers hold the power to shape not just what novices learn but how effectively and deeply they learn it. In the intentional planning of lessons that acknowledge the needs of novices for more structure, lies the potential for an educational journey that is not only informative but transformative, laying the groundwork for a lifelong love of learning.
References:
Ambrose, S. A., Bridges, M. W., DiPietro, M., Lovett, M. C., & Norman, M. K. (2010). How Learning Works: Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching. Jossey-Bass.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice Hall.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Pearson, P. D., & Gallagher, M. C. (1983). The instruction of reading comprehension. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8(3), 317-344.
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive Load Theory
. Springer.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press.
Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(2), 89-100.