English as an additional language (EAL) refers to learners whose first language is not English. The learner may already be fluent in several other languages or dialects, which is why the term English as a second language (ESL or E2L) is inappropriate.
English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL): English taught to people whose first language is not English, but who live in an English-speaking country and need English to communicate in daily life.
EFL most commonly refers to English as a foreign language.
EAL learners are as diverse as any large group of people (according to the January 2018 School Census, there are now more than 1.5 million pupils in the UK who are recorded as having EAL). They are:
Diverse in background: they may be UK-born, or recently arrived in the UK due to personal and professional choice or desperate circumstances.
Diverse in English language proficiency: they may be new to English, use English as a main language but not yet at age expected proficiency, or fluent bi/multilingual in English and other language/s.
Diverse in educational background: they may have experienced interrupted or no schooling, only the UK school system, or consistent schooling via a different curriculum.
Diverse in their literacy: they may be familiar with the Latin-based alphabet/script, or may be literate in a non-Latin based alphabet/script or not literate at all.
English language Proficiency in each strand is represented by five Proficiency bands and each band has a descriptive label :
A-New to English/Beginning
B-Early acquisition/Emerging
C-Developing competence/Expanding
D-Competent/Diversifying
E-Fluent.
Some of the key features of EAL pedagogy can be summarised like this:
Make the verbal curriculum more visual (Visuals)
Make the abstract curriculum more concrete (Graphic Organisers)
Develop interactive and collaborative teaching (Collaborative Activities)
Identify the language demands of the curriculum (oral and written) and provide models (Modelling)
Use drama and role play to demonstrate how language is used in real life with a focus on communication (Drama and Role Play)
Provide opportunities for exploratory talk (Collaborative Activities)
Ensure home languages are valued and used in school and at home (Using Learners' First Language Ability)
Provide opportunities to talk before writing (Language Drills)
Support through key phrases and structures rather than keywords (Scaffolding)
The following strategies for teachers and teaching assistants in the classroom are pitched at Band C of English proficiency, the band that is often quick to reach but takes time to move on from. Many of the strategies will benefit all pupils, as it is not only EAL learners who need support in developing the language needed to access the curriculum.
Classroom organisation
The different aspects of classroom organisation – resources, displays, seating arrangements – and, crucially, the management of teaching assistants all contribute to the support of EAL learners. Here are some suggestions:
Place the EAL learner in pairs or groups with supportive pupils who are language role-models. This is crucial for developing language and facilitating friendships that will foster language development outside the classroom.
Make available and encourage learners to use an age-appropriate English dictionary and thesaurus (including online dictionaries for English language learners – such as Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary – for clear definitions, pronunciation, and translation).
Provide teaching assistants with support and clear guidance on how to support EAL learners (see The Bell Foundation website for further guidance).
Provide a bilingual dictionary – age-appropriate and pictorial (for examples see the Mantra Lingua website).
Ensure that there are plenty of motivating books available at the level of the EAL learners in the classroom and focus on reading for meaning.
On-going differentiation
Effective differentiation enables all learners to access the curriculum. For EAL learners the key to accessing the curriculum lies in differentiation techniques and strategies that focus on facilitating and checking understanding. Here are some suggestions:
Give EAL learners thinking time (as they need to process what they hear and what they say).
Speak/read aloud clearly, making sure EAL learners can see the teacher/teaching assistant’s face, and avoid idiomatic language (e.g. “this should be a doddle”) that may be hard to understand.
Use gestures, mimes, exaggerated facial expressions.
Point to keywords.
Target EAL learners for daily questions, differentiated according to their language level (e.g. for a year 6 Band C EAL learner, instead of “What kind of climate did they have in Ancient Greece?” say “What was the weather like in Ancient Greece?”).
Recast errors (“She runned home...” “So, she ran home...”) and encourage extended utterances through prompting for more information.
Provide scaffolded dialogue opportunities in group work using Directed Activities Related to Text (DARTs), such as role-play, hot-seating, sequencing, and matching activities. Barrier games in pair work are also good for generating dialogue and checking understanding.
Teacher/teaching assistant to have Who, What, Where, When question words to hand (on cards) to support questioning and related activities.
Repeatedly check understanding of topic, basic learning intentions, and what to do in a task.
When talking, insert synonyms/simple alternatives during whole-class teaching to clarify meaning (e.g. “He is determined to reach the river – he wants to go to the river so that he can warn – tell – the others).
Scaffold speech and writing using gap-fills, speaking and writing frames, and other graphic organisers.
Scaffold speech and writing using substitution tables to reinforce language structures and check understanding (see further information).
Teacher/teaching assistant to have a mini-whiteboard to hand to create quick visuals, choices (e.g. liquid or solid?) or to reinforce keywords, clarify, and rehearse maths operations.
Use concrete visual support such as story props, objects, 3D shapes.
Use visual word banks (create them quickly and easily using software such as Communicate in Print, or see the EAL Nexus resource website for ready-made curriculum-related visuals).
Print slides with visuals from the whole-class display screen/whiteboard so the learner can stick them in their book (to refer back to, label, etc).
Use Dictogloss as a way of modelling text construction and language structures. It is good for the whole class and helps support the development of academic language (see further information).
Use Google translate. Show learners how the speaker button works, and encourage them to do the same. Google translate, while useful has shortcomings, so take care.
Language focus All pupils need to understand and be able to use the language of the curriculum in order to achieve at or above age expectations. Here are some suggestions for focusing on language in class:
Clearly model and frequently repeat new vocabulary and language structures.
Include topic-specific/genre-related vocabulary and language structures in planning. There are many examples of planning for language on the EAL Nexus website. See table below for an example.
Teach vocabulary and language structures in small groups of two to six pupils (see further information).
Consider using a whole-school approach for developing vocabulary (such as Word Aware, written by speech and language therapists).
Teach and check understanding of the language involved in maths problem-solving (commonly used words/phrases, e.g. altogether, each, the same, as many as possible).
Teach and check understanding of the different words for the same maths operation (e.g. minus, take away, subtract).
Provide learners with maths vocabulary (search online for EAL maths vocabulary or use Twinkl for maths vocabulary cards/mats in English and other languages, e.g. Polish, Romanian, Arabic).
Marking/feedback
Positive, constructive, dialogic marking is particularly important for EAL learners. Alongside identifying linguistic errors and providing models for correction, the self-esteem that an EAL learner gets from knowing what they are doing right can be of huge motivational benefit. Here are some suggestions to include in marking for EAL learners:
Acknowledge participation and efforts to reproduce knowledge and language structures related to the curriculum.
Include marking for understanding and knowledge of the curriculum, through content, regardless of spelling, punctuation and grammar (SPaG) errors.
Include marking for appropriate/inappropriate language – sometimes the grammar may be correct but the context inappropriate (e.g. using a command when requesting something politely).
Correct and write clear examples of one particular language structure for the learner to practise.
Use the Speaking, Listening, Reading, Writing descriptors in the EAL Assessment Framework for Schools to set targets.
Communicate with home
Parents of both EAL and non-EAL pupils who are confident in English and understand the English school system have an advantage over parents who have limited English and are unfamiliar with the curriculum and system. Communicating effectively with home, as outlined below, is key to improving the outcomes of EAL learners.
Ensure the learner understands what to do for homework.
Make class letters/school information accessible through the use of clear language and short sentences. Use multilingual staff to interpret if necessary.
Regularly remind parents of current curriculum topics and encourage them to discuss and research the topics at home in their first language.
Give parents useful websites on curriculum topics and homework (including links on the school website), particularly if homework involves internet research.
Recommend the learner opts for the Simple English Wikipedia as opposed to the standard Wikipedia.
Target and encourage parents of EAL learners to attend parent workshops and meetings – use multilingual staff to interpret where possible.
Recommend the free website Learn English Kids for the learner to use at home.
Further Reading
The Bell Foundation’s EAL Assessment Framework for Schools (registration required but it is free!)
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